Clinical Trial Phases Explained: What Each Stage Actually Tests
Each clinical trial phase answers one question before a drug moves ahead, and most candidates never finish the climb. The FDA's own numbers show where testing stalls.
Research
Research reads health studies properly: design, effect sizes, and the difference between a finding and a headline.
New discoveries and studies with professor/expert commentary — 'профессура и экспертность' vertical
How to Read a Research Paper in 20 Minutes, Without Falling for the Abstract
A practical order of operations for abstracts, methods and figures — and why the conclusion section is the last place you should look.
Heterogeneity Meta-analysis — Heterogeneity in Meta-Analyses: When Studies Point in Different Directions
I-squared tells you how much of a pooled result rests on studies that genuinely disagree. Here is how to read it before you trust the headline number.
Peer Review Explained: Who Checks the Science?
Before a study reaches a journal, a handful of unpaid experts read it closely. Here is what they can catch, and what they cannot.
Surrogate Endpoints: When a Trial Measures a Stand-In Instead of the Outcome You Care About
Trials often track cholesterol, tumor shrinkage or blood sugar instead of death, fractures or survival — the stand-in usually works, but history records the exceptions.
“50% Higher Risk”: Relative vs Absolute Risk in Health News
Relative risk makes small dangers look enormous and big benefits look magical; converting to absolute numbers takes one minute and changes every conclusion.